Although the Inca emperor paid an enormous ransom in gold, the Spaniards executed him anyway. Despite being outnumbered by more than two hundred to one, the Spaniards prevailed - due largely to their horses, their steel armor and swords, and their tactic of surprise. Pizarro and his men soon clashed with Atahualpa and a huge force of Inca warriors at the Battle of Cajamarca. Unbeknownst to the Spaniards, the Inca rulers of Peru had just fought a bloody civil war in which the emperor Atahualpa had defeated his brother Huascar. In 1532, the fifty-four-year-old Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro led a force of 167 men, including his four brothers, to the shores of Peru.
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